This report examines the strategic rationale and operational framework for India-Canada cooperation on critical minerals amid intensifying Great Power competition and supply chain vulnerabilities. Authored by the Council for Strategic and Defense Research (CSDR), it analyzes how China’s dominance across critical mineral value chains—particularly its weaponization of rare earth elements through export controls—has created urgent imperatives for both nations to diversify their supply chains and enhance economic security.

The report provides comprehensive assessments of India’s recent regulatory transformation, including the MMDR Act amendments and National Critical Minerals Mission, alongside Canada’s mature mining ecosystem and strategic positioning as an alternative supplier. Drawing on bilateral ministerial statements, policy documents, and industry data through December 2025, it identifies concrete cooperation opportunities across upstream exploration, midstream processing, and downstream value addition. The analysis concludes with actionable recommendations for establishing institutional mechanisms, facilitating technology transfer, and building long-term supply partnerships that could become a cornerstone of renewed India-Canada strategic relations.