The Road to Galwan: Crisis at the Line of Actual Control & China’s Motivations

The report analyzes the 2020 India-China Galwan Valley clash, arguing that it reflected China’s calculated strategy to dominate the LAC. The report questions India’s “persuasion” approach to China’s aggression. It emphasizes India’s need to reassess its current policy, rebuild deterrence through military investments, and better understand China’s evolving strategy to protect its interests along the LAC.

India’s Telecommunications Act 2023: Optimizing the Utilization of Satellite Spectrum

The Telecommunications Act 2023 allows administrative spectrum assignment for fixed satellite services (FSS) and mobile satellite services (MSS). The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) will draft administrative guidelines based on the Act’s provisions. Given India’s experience with administrative spectrum assignment and the 2G controversy, TRAI guidelines must be equitable and transparent. This paper analyzes the challenges involved in the process and makes recommendations for the TRAI guidelines.