This report examines the 2020 Galwan Valley clash between India and China, analyzing the events that led to the conflict and exploring China’s motivations. The report contends that China’s military operation was a calculated strategy to establish dominance in the evolving security dilemma along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). China perceived India’s efforts to build deterrence, particularly through infrastructure development like the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie (DSD-BO) road, as a threat to its interests. India, operating on assumptions of Chinese restraint and a preference for negotiation, failed to anticipate and adequately respond to this shift in China’s strategic approach. The report posits that China exploited a window of opportunity presented by India’s insufficient military investments and an overreliance on diplomatic persuasion.

The report highlights China’s strategic intent to secure long-term advantages along the LAC, as evidenced by its assertive actions in previous standoffs like Doklam. The report argues that India’s “persuasion” strategy, relying primarily on diplomatic and economic measures, has proven ineffective in restoring the status quo ante. China’s persistent refusal to concede territory and its ongoing infrastructure expansion indicate a desire for a permanent realignment of the LAC.

The report concludes that India requires a comprehensive policy reassessment to counter China’s assertive posture. Accepting the new status quo carries the risk of encouraging further Chinese expansionism. Rebuilding deterrence necessitates sustained investments in military capabilities and a deeper understanding of China’s evolving strategic intentions. By acknowledging the long-term implications of China’s actions, India can formulate a more robust and effective strategy to safeguard its interests along the LAC.