Modern warfare is undergoing metamorphic changes. One such transition is the move beyond the kinetic-centric battlefield to a more integrated Socio-Technical-Cognitive Battlespace (STCB). This report introduces the STCB as a comprehensive framework that can help explain and prepare for the intricate, recursive, and interconnected nature of the social, technological, and cognitive domains in contemporary conflict.

As evident from the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, this emergent battlespace is not merely an adjunct to traditional military operations but is increasingly the decisive theatre where strategic outcomes are determined. The report explores the complexities inherent in modern operations, where perceived success and strategic victory are increasingly disentangled from purely kinetic achievements. The central argument the authors posit is that ascendancy and strategic advantage in the 21st century hinge not on mere possession of military might, but on adept navigation, influence, and, ultimately, mastery of the STCB’s intricate, interwoven layers.

The report also identifies shortcomings of conventional strategic doctrines, including Multi-Domain Operations (MDO), Hybrid Warfare, and China’s “Three Warfares,” arguing that, while valuable, they fail to encapsulate the fused, holistic essence of the STCB fully. Furthermore, it delves into the ethical questions raised by STCB warfare, particularly the systemic challenges of mass manipulation, algorithmic disinformation, exploitation of cognitive biases, and the erosion of the distinction between combatants and non-combatants.

Finally, the report outlines future trends, highlighting the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), weaponization of social media ecosystems, potential for large-scale, automated cognitive manipulation, and the speculative horizon of neuro-warfare. The authors offer actionable policy recommendations for governments, international organisations, and civil society to navigate and mitigate the risks of the new battlespace.